Wednesday, August 26, 2020

International Chemical Trade Personal Health Budgets

Questions: Tasks:Read generally and explore further the realities in the article above and answer the accompanying questions:1. Clarify the significance of global exchange to an open economy, for example, the UK (This gives proof to appraisal rules 1.1)2. a) Define Comparative Advantage, Absolute bit of leeway and Terms of Trade Exchange Rateb) Assess the hugeness of near preferred position, total bit of leeway, the terms of exchange and trade rates to the UK economy (This gives proof to appraisal measures 1.2) 3. Accepting that the parity of installment of a fanciful nation involves the accompanying fundamental things (all figures in a large number of ): fares of products 0; imports of merchandise 500; government (invisibles) - 150; different invisibles +200; speculation and other capital streams - 45. Portray the structure of the equalization of installments and ascertain the:a. Noticeable exchange balance, b. Current equalization and c. Parity for legitimate financing. (The above gives proof to evaluation rules 1.3)4. What is Surplus and Deficit in an economy?a. Clarify the terms excess and deficitb. Clarify the hugeness of long haul shortages to open economies(This gives proof to evaluation measures 1.4)Task 2aProductivity development has expanded in Central and Eastern European nations comparative with Western European nations. This has suggestions for the genuine conversion scale. Lets take a gander at the Czech Republic versus France (assume they are the main two European nations). For your errand you are required to clarify the pretended by trade rates in European business.(This gives proof to evaluation standards 2.1)Task 2bThe Euro is a solitary money course of action that came into hypothetical activity between 11 individuals from the European Union in January 1999. On January first 2002, 12 EU individuals disposed of their own monetary forms and presented the Euro as their sole cash. A solitary money implies that there are not, at this point separate national fiscal arrangements, and rather another national bank has been set up The European Central Bank that leads an Europe wide financial strategy, specifically the setting of loan costs. That implies lost separate national financial arrangements loan fees and trade rates. Should Germany need to acquaint a financial approach with retaliate against joblessness, it can't do as such as this can just originate from the European Central Bank.For your undertaking you are required to break down the focal points ascribed to the appropriation of a solitary European money. (This gives proof to evaluation models 2.2)Task 2cExplain the contrast between facilitated commerce and protectionism and the pretended by levies, amounts and deregulation inside the EU. (This gives proof to evaluation standards 2.3)Task 2dOne of the establishing standards of the European Union is the opportunity of development of laborers (Article 39 of the Treaty building up the European Community). The free development of labo rers is fundamental for the making of a region without inner outskirts, and for the reinforcing of financial and social attachment just as dynamic European citizenship in making riches for the monetary turn of events. Regardless of these undeniable returns geographic and word related versatility rates are still generally low in the European Union, both inside and between nations. For example, on normal somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2005, laborers versatility inside EU Member States (territorial portability) added up to only one percent every year. This is a lot of lower than portability rates across Australian domains and US states, which surpass two and three percent, separately (Adapted from European Commission, 2007). For your assignment you are required to assess the significance of geographic and word related portability in riches creation for EU part countries.Task 3aThe Communities Act 1972, which offers authenticity to the UKs enrollment of the EU is under danger. Mr Ca meron, the UK Prime Minister, has guaranteed a submission by 2017 to permit the British individuals choose whether or not the UK ought to stay in the EU. On the off chance that the greater part vote is for the UK to pull out of the EU, it implies that the Communities Act will be canceled and the UK will never again be an individual from the EU. One of the general contentions behind the choice is that the UK appear to have surrendered an excessive amount of forces to the EU, through the fundamental EU foundations. Peruse broadly and examine further the realities above and answer the accompanying question:1)A. dvise the UK government on what job the fundamental EU organizations play in the assurance and legitimizing of EU strategy; and quickly talk about whether there is any veracity to the contention that the UK has surrendered an excessive amount of forces to these foundations. Undertaking 3bA invented order 267/14 was given by the EU to all part states on 1 October 2014. It denies the fare of guns out of the EU. The UK government has come to you for guidance as they are worried that on the off chance that they execute this mandate, they will be in break of their agreement with a non-EU nation to whom they gracefully guns. The agreement is expected for recharging on 1 October 2015.Consider the situation above and answer the accompanying questions2) Advise the UK government on the capacity of EU mandates and whether you figure they will be in break as portrayed previously. Further, should the UK choose to disregard the mandate, what results, if by any stretch of the imagination, do you think may follow. (This gives proof to appraisal standards 3.2) 2) What are the fundamental EU subsidizing streams? Assess their structure and reason. (This gives proof to appraisal rules 3.3) Task 4 France and Italy squeezed for a facilitating of spending limitations to animate development and cut joblessness in Europe, yet won no concession from the German Chancellor Angela Mer kel, who demanded that nations needed to move quicker on changes. The distinction over budgetary arrangement eclipsed the Milan meeting of EU pioneers on the best way to make employments, as the multi-year spending plans of both France and Italy appeared to probably be dismissed by the European Commission due to their monetary backsliding.While government pioneers and EU authorities conceded to the need to handle record youth joblessness, which has surpassed 40 percent in a few Eurozone nations, they appeared to be no nearer on the strategy prescriptions.Responding to an earlier call by Hollande for Germany to misuse its exchange excess and adjusted financial plan to embrace more expansionary approaches, Angela Merkel said her nation had just found a way to support residential interest by 15bn Euros (City AM 10 Oct.2014) Tasks1) Produce a profile of the EU as an exchanging alliance and examine its significance to part states. (This gives proof to appraisal rules 4.1)2) Evaluate the importance of:a) Linguistics, b) Cultural, c) Logistical and d) Environmental obstructions to EU tasks; and e) Briefly, clarify how these elements may impact as boundaries to the national spending plans of the part states.(This gives proof to appraisal standards 4.2)3) Carry out a review of conceivable EU subsidizing streams that might be accessible and significant mandates to help organizations in France or Italy during their budgetary circumstance for the situation study. (This gives proof to appraisal rules 4.3)4) Produce an activity plan which records the activities essential for Wonga to start a speculation adventure in EU. (This gives proof to appraisal models 4.4) Answers: Assignment 1 1. Significance of the worldwide exchange Significance of the worldwide exchange an open market: Trade of merchandise in the global markets encourages the nations to develop themselves. In the current circumstance, the monetary obstructions are broken by the universal organizations act(Deardorff and Stern, 2011). Key significance of the worldwide open market is: Global exchange causes the economy to diminish the destitution edges. It lessens the neediness edges as well as it helps in the improvement of the private ventures. The universal exchange permits decreasing the expense of creation. This additionally permits the creating nations to gather the money by tolerating the venture from outside. In the open exchange the outside organizations can present their items in another market. Universal exchange permits the nearby organizations to have a lift in their net revenues. As referenced before the universal exchange permits in the improvement of the nearby part. The presentation of the new organizations in the territory will produce work. Through the open market an economy can win outside cash also(Balance of installments and the relationship to national records, 2011). These are the principle significance of the universal exchange. As such UK can get outside cash moreover 2. Survey the criticalness of comparativeadvantage, total favorable position, the terms of exchange and trade rates Relative bit of leeway Relative bit of leeway is pertinent if an organization can create the item in modest than different organizations in the market. In an open market the cost of an item is fixed. Subsequently if an organization can decrease the expense of creation, the organization can get more benefit by selling a similar number of creation. This is just conceivable in the open market as the market is brimming with competition(Hoholm, 2015). Supreme preferred position: On the off chance that an organization can give their best in creating an item, at that point the organization can get supreme favorable position. The organization should make their showcasing techniques best, they need to make the best quality items and the limited time systems ought to be the best one. Along these lines the organization can ensure that they can get the outright favorable position in the market(Chinthapalli, 2012). Terms of exchange and trade rates to the UK economy UK economy has their dynamic cooperation in the universal exchange and this permits open market moreover. The items which are remembered for the open worldwide exchange arevegetable oil and the product. The vegetable oils like the palm oils, Dekel oils and so forth are the primary marine items. These items are delivered in the mama

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay Example For Students

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay Smashing thunder and turbulent skies are the scene set for Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, an account of pride, energy and force. At the point when an energetic researcher attempts to make a superhuman race that will love him as god all destruction loosens up when his creation get away. Lamentably the manifestations encounters in the outside world are sad and before long promises to vindicate his incidents by obliterating his maker. Furthermore, as the beast is a heap of sewed together parts the book is a biblio-beginning implies that the book is a blend of various kinds Romantic, Horror and the recently framed Gothic. This is one reason for the books suffering prevalence, yet what are the distinctions from the contemporary crowd of 1818 to the cutting edge 2006 peruser. The book begins toward the end with Victor Frankenstein in pursue of his creation as a main priority for its decimation, he tragically looses it and is washed in to the frigid place that is known for the North shaft. He is found by Robert Walton, a man on the journey for the North-West section. On Waltons transport when Frankenstein recuperates he starts to tell Walton of his explanation behind being in the North Pole. Frankensteins primary character is the crazed researcher Victor Frankenstein, a youthful Swiss kid, he experiences childhood in Geneva perusing crafted by old and obsolete chemists, a foundation that serves him sick when he goes to college at Ingolstadt. Subsequent to acing all that the educators need to encourage he gets dazzled by the mystery of life. Subsequent to finding the mystery he starts take a shot at his lord race and the individuals who favor me maker. Tragically when he sees the terribleness of the beast he runs and later finds the beast gone. Presently with the beast gone he comes back to his home in the wake of becoming aware of the demise of his sibling, not realizing it was by the hand of the beast. Victor changes over the course if the novel from an honest youth intrigued by the possibilities of science into a frustrated, blame ridden man resolved to crush the products of his haughty logical undertaking. Victor it could be said is viewed as a disastrous character yet he doesnt have that basic characteristic, the acknowledgment of his offenses and the affirmation of them. My past lead; nor do I think that its culpable . Toward the finish of the novel when Victor kicks the bucket. With the different storytellers and, consequently, various points of view the novel leaves the peruser with differentiating understandings of Victor-crazy lab rat or bold traveler. This adds to the prominence of the book as perusers can't identify with Victor and discover him inside and out and new. The contemporary crowd would have never observed a character like Victor Frankenstein and the resolve predicament presented by the book-risky information would have never been taken advantage of. In spite of the fact that circumstances are different and the media free for all over better than ever forms of the exemplary despite everything keep on molding our points of view to the crazy lab rat looking for ungainable information in current occasions. Similarly as the beast is the core of the story the structure is as well. With the portrayals of Walton to his sister, Victor to Walton , Monster to Victor, Victor to Walton lastly Walton to Monster. The beast lies directly highly involved with everything. Subsequent to getting away from Victors lab the beast heads towards nature, he is and grown-up in size however a youngster as a top priority. He has no origination of faculties and language. At the point when he finds a consuming fire he is astounded at the glow it transmits neglected environmental factors, however he is befuddled when he places his finger in the fire and damages himself. He can't decide how something that offers such joy could likewise be a thistle. The beast is Victors creation, gathered from old body parts and peculiar synthetics, enlivened by a baffling sparkle. Surrendered by his maker and befuddled he attempts to mingle just to beaten and pursued in view of his height. .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415 , .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415 .postImageUrl , .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415 , .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415:hover , .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415:visited , .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415:active { border:0!important; } .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415:active , .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415:hover { haziness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5c8a0f9e72013 1db74e193060b79c415 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5c8a0f9e720131db74e193060b79c415:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: What could be supposed to be the more profound significance or verifiable message of An Inspector Calls EssayAfter a few fruitless experiences with people he chooses to take shelter in an old horse shelter. He is glad to find that he can keep an eye on his neighbors through a little opening. There he learns the human language and now can relate feelings to causes. He at that point chooses to move toward an individual from that family, an old visually impaired man who can see past his abnormal structure. Lamentably he is hindered by the old keeps an eye on nephew and he drive the beast out of the house. Wrathful he recognitions to render retribution on his maker for relinquishing him , and along these lines begins his excursion to Geneva. The beast is never brought into the world malice in the book just the manner in which society has treated him has transformed him into what he later turns into a wanton executioner. Waltons letters to his sister outline around the principle story. Walton skippers a North shaft bound boat and despite the fact that the consistent inclinations from his sister to return securely, he says I will slaughter no gooney bird. Walton matches Victor from various perspectives, similar to Victor e is a pilgrim and pursuing nation of endless light-unpossessed information. Victor impact is extraordinary yet he in the long run turns around dissimilar to Victor. These characters add a ton of creative mind to the book and this besides adds incredibly to the books suffering prominence. Three apparently similar characters however from numerous points of view unique, they all describe some portion of the book and this gives three distinct perspectives on a similar plot. In a manner that echoes the beasts sewed together body parts, the novel is an assortment of sewed together types. This is no less clear than in section 5. The book is a blend of types Horror, Gothic, Romantic, Semi-Autobiographical and sci-fi. Section 5 is the production of the beast and the Horror, Gothic and Sci-fi topics are clear as Mary Shelly has utilized fitting highlights to every one of these classes. Troubling Night, Rain pattered drearily, Horrid Contrast. Ghastliness is the murkiness and our characteristic dread of the obscure. Science fiction is the horrendous animal from a different universe or absurd. Gothic, another classification at that point, drove by Frankenstein. Gothic components are all over the place, they make pressure, dread and interest. In part 5, Shelly has utilized Gothic components, for example, the terrible climate, the glimmering flame, the forlorn insane lab rat and the inappropriate fraud. This adds to the suffering prevalence as the social setting of that time was that science was the path forward and individuals started to scrutinize certain strict convictions. The books hostile to science message is clear. It says that unpossessed information isnt in every case great. The subjects in the book are different as Frankenstein is a biblio-beginning, an assortment of seamed together parts from different works. Significantly impacted by Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. The sailors story matches Waltons and Victors, they are all at the place where there is ice and day off. Similarly as the sailor advises his story to the wedding visitor for reclamation, Victor is driven by blame. Both Victor and the sailor cause their own obliteration The sailor ought to have thought about the gooney bird, Victor ought to have thought about The beast. What's more, as the murdering of the gooney bird turned out to be actually and allegorically a weight for the sailor, the beast, in like manner, is Victors trouble. They are likewise connected when Walton notices to his sister that he will slaughter no gooney bird. Taking everything into account, the suffering fame of Frankenstein is declaration to an incredible essayist. Shelley has utilized numerous new components to accomplish this, in transit designing another class. Frankenstein is viewed as a fore dad of all cutting edge gothic books, properly so it has had numerous other options and we have seen the animal in a wide range of lights. The core of its notoriety exists in the production of the beast and Shelley has utilized various th

Sunday, August 16, 2020

Five Years of Admitted Student Gatherings

Five Years of Admitted Student Gatherings *Scene opens* Im standing in front of a house with my family. MIT branded balloons are tied to the mailbox. There is a poster of the Dome on the front door. Inside, we are welcomed into the MIT community by alums, students, other parents, and fellow future classmates. We enjoy food as we talked about MIT, New Jersey, cool things to do at CPW, what we enjoyed about high school, potential majors, and what we wanted to be in our futures. At one point, we sat down and listened to a sophomore tell us about her MIT experience. I dont remember exactly what was said, but I remember I was excited. I was excited to be there. I was excited that CPW was in less than a week. I was excited that I beat all the odds and that I was now wearing my MIT jacket around school as a student and not an applicant. That was my first Admitted Student Gathering in March 2013. And Ive gone every year since (except junior year, sadly). 2013 as a Prefrosh Me in the gray blazer, second row. 2014 as a Freshman This time I was invited to speak as a student along with other 17s. It was my first time on the other side. My turn to tell the 2018 prefrosh about MIT. 2015 as a Sophomore Speaking to the 2019s, halfway through MIT myself. 2016 as a Junior I was in San Francisco during my junior year spring break so I didnt get to go to the New Jersey Student Gathering that year :(. 2017 as a Senior This past Sunday. Bittersweet. It was my last Admitted Student Gathering as a student. I tried to impart on the 2021s everything that Ive learned in my four years at MIT. 2018 as an Alumni *insert picture next year in March 2018* Admitted Student Gatherings happen every year around MIT spring break, all around the world. As evidenced by this blog post and my near perfect attendance, I highly recommend going to one. Theres still some happening the second half of this week, and last-minute decisions are always fun. Side note: I found a fun little website Id like to share with everyone. I wrote this post with the uncomfortable help of The Most Dangerous Writing App. You set your session for however long you want (3-60 min) and begin typing. If at any point you stop typing for more than 5 seconds, ALL of your progress is deleted. Obliterated my procrastination in 0.00001 seconds.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Flower Shop Chemistry Magic Trick Violets

In this chemistry magic trick, youll produce the odor of violets by mixing two common chemicals. This demonstration is also known as the flower shop magic trick. Materials Sodium carbonate and castor oil are sold at many stores. Sodium carbonate is used in cooking and as a water softener. Castor oil usually is sold in the pharmacy section. Sodium carbonateCastor oil Perform the Trick This is a terrific chemistry demonstration because the materials are common and inexpensive and its extremely quick and easy to perform: In a dry test tube or small beaker, add a scoop of sodium carbonate and 3 drops of castor oil.Heat the container in a burner flame or on a hot plate until a cloud of white vapor rises from the chemicals.Walk around the room with the glassware to allow the fragrance to dissipate. The odor of violets is evident. How It Works When sodium carbonate and castor oil are heated together, one of the products is ionone. Although it is a simple demonstration, this is a fairly complicated reaction, in which citral and acetone with calcium oxide catalyze an aldol condensation followed by a rearrangement reaction. A mixture of alpha and beta-ionone is responsible for the characteristic odor of violets. Beta ionone is a component of the fragrance responsible for the scent of roses, too. Natural or synthetic ionone is used in many perfumes and flavorings. In flowers, ionones derive from the degradation of carotenoids, which are pigment molecules. An interesting property of violets is that they are responsible for another type of chemical magic. Violets temporarily steal your sense of smell! Initially, ionone binds to scent receptors and stimulates them, so you smell the odor of violets. Then, for a few moments, the receptors are unable to receive a further stimulus. You lose awareness of the fragrance, only to regain it when it registers as a new smell. Whether you like the scent of violets or not, its a scent that cant become overpowering or fade with time.

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Crime And Social Implications Of Crime - 913 Words

Criminology is a subject that covers an enormous variety of topics, but one common theme that can be found in most is the issue of morality. Personal and societal morals affect what is considered criminal, and the extent of criminality. Most illegal actions are deemed as such because they clash with moral values. When studying criminology, it is important to also observe how crime is viewed in society, who crime affects and how victims of crime are impacted, and why crimes and victims are viewed in the ways they are. Before the moral and social implications of crime can be thought about, there is the simpler task of tracking crime in general. Crime can be measured in various ways using different methods. In Canada, crime is recorded from two main sources, from the police and from the victims/general population. In 1962, Canada put into place the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR). The UCR aims to provide â€Å"police-reported crime statistics that were complete, accurate, and standardized to facilitate temporal (time-to-time) and spatial (place-to-place) comparisons,† (Reed, 2008, as cited in Morden Palys, 2014, p. 77). The system was slowly improved upon beginning in the 1980s, and was only 100% in effect since 2009 (Morden Palys, 2014, p. 86). The UCR is useful for gaining insight into crime statistics and compiling them into a big picture view. However, as new crimes and crime categories emerge, previous data must be improved upon to fit with these changes. NewShow MoreRelatedSolvin g The Consensus And Conflict Model942 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinguish the difference between the two models. 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This theory helps uncover what processes or environments lead to a life of criminal acts while at the same time it allows for a chance to learn about our world from a social perspective. It will be important to investigate what in factRead MoreTheory Of Peacemaking Criminology1732 Words   |  7 Pagesof the 1960s and 1970s and is grounded in the way of philosophy and peace (Klenowski, 2009). The 1960s and 1970s were a time of war and revolution in the United States and persistent public opposition to the Vietnam War--coupled with political and social unrest caused by the distrust in big business, racism , sexism, and poverty in North America-- created the foundation for a generation of scholars (Chambliss, Tifft, Sullivan, Quinney, Pepinsky et al) and political pioneers (Martin Luther King Jr.Read MoreThe Media And Its Effect On The Society957 Words   |  4 Pagesloyalty (Vaughn, 2013). The media emphasizes that the rising intensity of the rivalry is the main factor that is resulting in the increase of gang activities, but the lack of questioning by the media on the possible causal factors that lead to the crime limits the understanding of the motives. The media misplaces confidence in the judgments of the SPD, by only questioning for details of the specific shooting and not the factors that may have caused it. The media simply accepting the SPD s claim thatRead MoreTheories of Crime Causation: Trait Theory and Rational Choice Theory1377 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Theories of Crime Causation: Trait Theory and Rational Choice Theory Introduction Theories of crime causation get to the fundamental characteristics of human nature. Theories of crime causation can be separated into trait theories and choice theories. Both types of theories make valid points about the causes of crime, yet they are have different implications for preventing the causes of crime. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Week Lesson Free Essays

Chamberlain College of Nursing. Transcript Organization and Time Management Starting a new venture can be exciting and challenging. You’re pleased to begin a new phase In your life, yet concerned about how you’ll handle all of the new responsibilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Week Lesson or any similar topic only for you Order Now You may already have a Job, family. And other commitments, and now you’ve added school to the list. Are there enough hours in the day? One way to answer this question is to take a serious look at how much time you Penn working, sleeping, caring for your family, and engaging in outside activities. Ask yourself what could be consolidated, eliminated, or delegated to someone else to allow you more time for school. The Question As a nurse, you already have many organizational and time management skills that you put to use every day in your job. Think about your skills, and then click to view the answer. Your Answer The Expert Says If you are a staff nurse, each morning you check the assignment board to see which tenants you’ll care for that day, gather your report sheets, and enter the conference room. You’ll listen to reports focusing on the Important issues and Jotting down notes to help you remember the Items later In the day. Chances are that you have a system for taking report that even involves writing the important issues in certain locations on your report sheet for easy retrieval later. As you leave the conference room, you’re thinking about meds due in the next hour and organizing your medication cart. You aka rounds on your patients and do assessments next. Whether you use a written list or a mental one, you’ve already determined what Important events need to be taken care of during your shift. Who Is going to surgery and needs the preoperative checklist completed? Who is going home and needs discharge teaching and confirmation of transportation? Who is a flirt-day posts patient and needs the dressing changed and to be up in a chair? Who needs blood? On top of all that, you’re prepared for the unexpected admissions or emergencies. You know who your aide is for the day and what you’ll be delegating to that person. You then remember that you have a staff meeting at 1 p. M. , so you’ll need to plan your schedule a little differently today to make time to attend that Important meeting. The day doesn’t end when you’re done at work. Tonight is your son’s hockey game, so you’ll be there after work. See? You already have much experience organizing and managing your time! How can you use all those great skills to promote success as an online student? Compare How to cite Week Lesson, Papers

Monday, May 4, 2020

World Customs Organization Essay Sample free essay sample

In modern nowadays universe economic system we have unfastened market with free trage. we can see globalisation. internationalisation. integrating between states. These mentioned forses are considered to be more positive than negative. Whenever with international trade here arises differencies between trading states: different criterions. restrictions. demands. nomenclature systems. To do trade easier. awaid or to assist work out struggles arised between member states here come WCO – World Customs Organization. The organization’s activities include work in countries covering the development of planetary criterions. the simplification and harmonisation of Customs processs. trade supply concatenation security. the facilitation of international trade. the sweetening of Customs enforcement and conformity activities. anti-counterfeiting and buccaneering enterprises. public-private partnerships. unity publicity. and sustainable planetary Customs capacity edifice activities. T he WCO is the lone international organic structure dedicated entirely to international imposts and surround control affairs. In my work I tried briefy owerview WCO organisation: ends. history. construction. members. working Fieldss. few of import paperss issued by this organisation. 1. Basic information1. 1. Vision StatementTo be the voice of Customss and the Global Centre of Excellence for the development and bringing of effectual. efficient. and modern Customs processs and criterions. international cooperation. cognition and capacity edifice. to run into the demands of authoritiess and society for a better universe by being airy. relevant and indispensable. 1. 2 Mission Statement As an intergovernmental organisation. the WCO is the Centre of excellence that provides leading in Customs affairs at the international degree and advises Customs disposals worldwide on direction patterns. tools and techniques to heighten their capacity to implement efficient and effectual cross-border controls along with standardised and consonant processs to ease legitimate trade and travel and to interdict illicit minutess and activities. 1. 3 WCO Goals Goal 1 – International Co-operation and Information SharingThe WCO provides a forum for international co-operation to advance greater connectivity and more harmonious interaction. including the exchange of information and experience and the designation of best patterns. between Member disposals. international organisations and other relevant stakeholders. Goal 2 – Harmonization and Simplification of Customs Systems and Procedures The WCO develops. maintains and promotes a series of internationally agreed conventions. other instruments and best-practice attacks to accomplish harmonisation and simplification of Customs systems and processs. Goal 3 – Compliance and Enforcement The WCO supports Members through activities in the countries of commercial fraud. drug trafficking. money laundering. IPR and other related offenses. through the development of conformity and enforcement tools and intelligence sharing via the Customs Enforcement Network ( CEN ) for the protection of society in the countries of public wellness and safety. environmental offenses. and containment of possible pandemics. Goal 4 – Trade Facilitation The WCO promotes the Revised Kyoto Convention to help Members on trade facilitation affairs. The WCO will go on to work with other international organisations. including the World Trade Organization to back up its Trade Facilitation Negotiating Group with advice and audiences to further better apprehension of WCO trade facilitation instruments and tools. Goal 5 – Supply Chain Security and Facilitation The WCO enhances Customs-to-Customs webs and Customs-to-Business partnerships in a meaningful and reciprocally good manner. through continued duologue with its Members and its Business spouses to procure and ease the international trade supply concatenation. including coordinated Border Management in co-operation with other boundary line bureaus. Goal 6 – Capacity Building The WCO provides a scope of capacity edifice. preparation and proficient aid and unity programmes to increase the capacity of Member Customs disposals to lend efficaciously to national development ends. in partnership with international organisations and the private sector. Goal 7 – Promotion and Marketing The WCO promotes the strategic involvements and markets the function and part of the WCO and the wider international Customs community. through co-operation. communicating and partnership with authoritiess. other international and regional organisations. giver bureaus and the private sector. Goal 8 – Research and Analysis The WCO conducts research and analysis into new visions. issues and tendencies of strategic importance to the WCO and Member disposals. in co-operation with research establishments. Goal 9 – Good Governance and Use of ResourcesThe WCO manages and administers its homo and fiscal resources in a cost-efficient. transparent and responsible mode. based on a long-run vision for Customs disposals and the WCO and an consciousness of the international environment and drivers. All information above is from WCO web page World Wide Web. wcoomd. org. 2. HistoryThe history of the WCO began in 1947 when the 13 European Governments represented in the Committee for European Economic Co-operation agreed to put up a Study Group. This Group examined the possibility of set uping one or more inter-European Customs Unions based on the rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) . In 1948. the Study Group set up two commissions – an Economic Committee and a Customs Committee. The Economic Committee was the predecessor of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . the Customs Committee became the Customs Co-operation Council ( CCC ) ( Government of Chile – National Customs Service. 2013a ) . In 1952. the Convention officially set uping the CCC came into force. The Council is the regulating organic structure of the CCC and the inaugural Session of the Council was held in Brussels on 26 January 1953. Representatives of 17 European states attended the first Council Session of the CCC. Af ter old ages of rank growing. in 1994 the Council adopted the working name World Customs Organization. to more clearly reflect its passage to a genuinely planetary intergovernmental establishment. It is now the voice of 177 Customss disposals which operate on all continents and stand for all phases of economic development. Today. WCO Members are responsible for treating more than 98 % of all international trade ( World Customs Organization. 2012e ) . 3. Structure of the administrationThe chief organic structure in the World Customs Organization is Secretariat. It takes highest possition in organisation‘s hierarchy. The WCO Secretariat is headed by a Secretary General. who is elected by the WCO rank to a five twelvemonth term. The current WCO Secretary General is Kunio Mikuriya from Japan. who took office on 1 January 2009. The WCO is governed by the Council. which brings together all Members of the Organization one time a twelvemonth. in a meeting chaired by an elective Chairperson. Additional strategic and direction counsel is provided by the Policy Commission and the Finance Committee. Several WCO commissions. such as the Harmonized System Committee. the Permanent Technical Committee. the Technical Committee on Customs Valuation. Technical Committee on Rules of Origin. the Capacity Building Committee. and the SAFE Working Group. supply a platform for developing instruments and best patterns on imposts competences ( The Fr ee Encyclopedia Wikipedia. 2012 ) . In the undermentioned portion of work here will be shortly described organisation‘s construction boddies and their maps. SecretariatThe duty of the WCO Secretariat is to supply quality. independent support to WCO member administations on all the activities that are carried out by the Organization. and to function the WCO with professionalism. nonpartisanship. transparence and unity. The WCO Secretariat. located in Brussels. has 151 staff members and is headed by a Secretary General. Its chief responsibilities are to provide proficient. logistical and professional support to the assorted working organic structures established by the Council. to supply capacity edifice and proficient aid and to develop and keep tools and instruments. The Secretariat staff includes persons stand foring over 45 nationalities. most of which are professional Customs officers. There is besides a figure of forces working in support services. such as IT services. finance. human resources and linguistic communication services. The on the job linguistic communications of the WCO are English and French ( World Customs Organization ( 2013c ) . Figure 2: Secretariat construction Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wcoomd. org/en/about-us/wco-secretariat/the-secretariat. aspx CouncilThe Council was established by the Convention set uping a Customs Co-operation Council. with the purpose of procuring the highest grade of harmoniousness and uniformity in the Customs systems of Member Governments. and particularly to analyze the jobs built-in in the development and betterment of Customs techniques and Customs statute law in connexion therewith. It is the supreme organic structure of the World Customs Organization and. as such. it takes the concluding determinations sing the Organization’s work and activities. All WCO organic structures study to the Council. The Council operates with administrative support provided by the WCO Secretariat. Policy Comission The Policy Commission was established to move as a dynamic maneuvering group to the Council. The competency of the Policy Commission is defined as follows in Council Decision No. 284: â€Å"The Commission shall concern itself with wide policy inquiries relevant to the WCO’s activities. The Commission shall move as a dynamic Steering Group to the Council. It shall originate surveies on the policies. patterns. and processs of the WCO with the aim of helping the Council to accomplish the wide purposes of its activities† . Finance Committee The Finance Committee acts under the overall way of the WCO Council with administrative support provided by the WCO Secretariat. Its function and duty is to supply support and advice to the Policy Commission and Council in budgetary and fiscal affairs. A specific duty of the Finance Committee is to analyze the estimations of all of the Organization’s resources and utilizations for the undermentioned fiscal twelvemonth and fix a study to the Council thereon. The estimations shall include an estimated Net income and Loss Account. a statement on hard currency flow and an estimated Balance Sheet. They shall cover all operations envisaged for the fiscal twelvemonth concerned. Audit CommitteeThe function of the Audit Committee. as portion of the on-going systematic reappraisal of the WCO control environment and administration processs. is to supervise the Audit map and rede the Policy Commission and the Council every bit good as the WCO Secretary General in relation to the operation and the development of this map. The Audit Committee acts under the overall way of the WCO Council with administrative support provided by the WCO Secretariat. The Audit Committee assists the Policy Commission and the Council in carry throughing their inadvertence duty with regard to: overall execution of the WCO Strategic Plan ; budget allotment procedure and public presentation measuring policies and patterns of the Organization ; efficient and effectual programme direction and the attainment of aims. as outlined in the Strategic Plan ; protection of resources and their efficient and effectual application against stated precedences and the designation and extenuation of impor tant hazards ( World Customs Organization ( 2013d ) . The World Customs Organisation to cover with international trade issues has three Fieldss of organic structures: Duty and Trade Affairs. Procedures and Facilitation. Enforcement and Compliance. Each of organic structure in its construction has commissions. working groups. different undertaking groups. they deals with issues. which are attributed their competencies. Bellow in the tabular array here is full construction of these three mentioned sections. Duty and Trade Affairs| Procedures and Facilitation| Enforcement and Compliance| Harmonized System CommitteeHarmonized System Review Sub-CommitteeHarmonized System Working PartyTechnical Committee on Rules of Origin ( TCRO ) Technical Committee on Customs ValuationFocus Group on Transfer PricingThe Scientific Sub-Committee| Permanent Technical CommitteeInformation Management Sub-CommitteeThe Revised Kyoto Convention Management CommitteeIstanbul Convention Administrative CommitteeContracting Parties to the ATA ConventionAdministrative Committee for the Customs Convention on Containers. 1972UPU/WCO Contact CommitteeSAFE Working GroupAd Hoc Group on Globally Networked Customs ( GNC ) Air Cargo Security ( ACS ) Technical Experts GroupContact Committee for the WCO/IATA/ICAO Guidelines on API| Enforcement CommitteeWorking Group on Commercial FraudGIIS Project GroupCustoms Enforcement Network Management TeamWCO Counterfeiting and Piracy GroupElectronic Crime Expert GroupGlobal RILO Meetings| Table 2: Structure of: Duty and Trade Affairs. Procedures and Facilitation and Enforcement and Compliance sections. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wcoomd. org/en/about-us/wco-working-bodies. aspx 4. WCO membersWCO has 179 Members. three-fourthss of which are developing states. are responsible for pull offing more than 98 % of universe trade. They are divided into 6 parts ( World Customs Organization 2013a ) . Figure 1: WCO members provinces and regional dividing of them Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wcoomd. org/en/about-us/wco-members/membership. aspx As it was mentioned earlier. in WCO here is six parts to which are divided member provinces: 1 ) North of Africa. Near and Middle East 2 ) West and Central Africa3 ) East and Southern Africa4 ) South America. North America. Central America and the Caribbean 5 ) Europe6 ) Far East. South and South East Asia. Australasia and the Pacific Islands Latest accepted states in few recent old ages are these members: Djibouti 2008-03-19Belize 2008-04-22Bosnia and Herzegovina 2008-07-04Guinea-Bissau 2010-08-19Sao Tome and Principe 2009-09-23Vanuatu 2009-11-17Somalia 2012-04-10South Sudan 2012-07-18Poland go a member of World Customs Organization in 1974-07-17 ( World Customs Organization. 2013b ) . World Customs Organization Member Administrations AFGHANISTAN ( Islamic Republic of ) | Cape Verde| Greece| Ghana| Paraguay| The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia| Albania| Central Africa Republic| Guatemala| Luxembourg| Peru| Timor – Leste| Algeria| Chad| Guinea| Macao. China| Philippines| Trinidad and Tobago| Andorra| Chile| Guinea-Bissau| Madagascar| Poland| Togo| Angola| China| Guyana| Malawi| Portugal| Tonga| Argentina| Colombia| Haiti| Malaysia| Qatar| Tunisia| Armenia|Comoros| Hong Kong. China| Maldives| Romania| Turkey| Australia| Congo ( Dem. Rep. of the ) | Hungary| Mali| Russian Federation| Turkmenistan| Austria| Congo ( Rep. of the ) | Iceland| Malta| Rwanda| Uganda| Azerbaijan| Costa Rica| India| Mauritania| Saint Lucia| Ukraine| Bahamas| Cote d’lvoire| Indonesia| Mauritius| Samoa| United Arab Emirates| Bahrain| Croatia| Iran ( Islamic Rep. of| Mexico| Sao Tome And Principe| United Kingdom| Bangladesh| Cuba| Iraq| Moldova| Saudi Arabia| United States| Barbados| Cyprus| Ireland| Mongolia| Senegal| Uruguay| Belarus| Czech Republic| Israel| Montenegro| Serbia| Uzbekistan| Belgium| Denmark| Italy| Morocco| Seychelles| Vanuatu| Belize| Djibouti| Jamaica| Mozambique| Sierra Leone| Venezuela| Benin| Dominican Republic| Japan| Myanmar| Singapore| Vietnam| Bermuda| Ecuador| Jordan| Namibia| Slovakia| Yemen| Bhutan| Egypt| Kazakhstan| Nepal| Slovenia| Zambia|Bolivia| Eritrea| Kenya| Netherlands| South Africa| Zimbabwe| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Estonia| Korea ( Rep. of ) | Netherlands Antilles| Spain| | Botswana| Ethiopia| Kuwait| New Zealand| Sri Lanka| | Brazil| Federal Rep. Of Yugoslavia| Kyrgyzstan| Nicaragua| Sudan| | Brunei Darussalam| Fiji| Lao People’s Democratic Republic| Niger| Swaziland| | Bulgaria| Finland| Latvia| Nigeria| Sweden| | Burkina Faso| France| Lebanon| Norway| Switzerland| | Burundi| Gabon| Lesotho| Oman| Syrian Arab Republic| | Cambodia| Gambia| Liberia| Pakistan| Tajikistan| |Cameroon| Georgia| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya| Panama| Tanzania| | Canada| Germany| Lithuania| Papua New Guinea| Thailand| | Table 1: WCO members On 30 June 2007. the Council of the World Customs Organization ( WCO ) decided to accept the petition of the European Community to fall in the WCO as of 1st July 2007. This determination grants to the European Community rights and duties on an interim footing akin to those enjoyed by WCO Members. Full accession is possible one time an amendment to the Convention set uping a Customs Co-operation Council. leting economic and imposts brotherhoods to fall in is ratified by the 172 current Members of the administration. The WCO plays an of import function in advancing international imposts co-operation and turn toing new challenges for imposts and trade. It is profoundly involved in planing and implementing policies worldwide that integrate steps. which help guarantee supply concatenation security. combat forging. advance trade and development. every bit good as warrant efficient aggregation of imposts grosss. Membership of the WCO high spots and confirms the cardinal function and compete ncy of the Community in international treatments on imposts issues including imposts reform. Community engagement in the WCO focuses on the full spectrum of imposts issues. in peculiar the undermentioned wide countries: * Terminology and categorization in the model of the Consonant system ; * Origin of goods ; * Customs value ;* Simplification and harmonisation of imposts processs and trade facilitation ; * Development of supply concatenation security criterions ;* Development of IPR enforcement criterions ;* Capacity edifice for imposts modernization and reforms. including in the context of development cooperation ; * Mutual Administrative Assistance for the bar. probe and repression of imposts offenses. The European Commission is a undertaking party to several WCO Conventions. and contributes to the work of this administration. including by guaranting presence and coordination with the Member States in specifying and stand foring Community places in the relevant organic structures pull offing these conventions ( European Commission. 2013 ) . Besides European Union is member of other international administrations. as EGMONT GROUP| Egmont group|FATF| Financial Action Task Force|IFCBA| The International Federation of Customs Brokers Associations| IRU| International Road Transport Union|OECD| Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development| UNCTAD| United Nations Conference on Trade and Development| UNECE| United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|WTO| World Trade Organization| World Customs Organization in its being has issued many paperss refering to 1 ) terminology and categorization of goods. 2 ) rating. 3 ) beginning. 4 ) enforcement and conformity. 5 ) processs and facilitation. 6 ) capacity edifice. 7 ) unity and 8 ) research. In order to accomplish its aims. the WCO has adopted a figure of imposts instruments. including but non limited to the followers: 1 ) The International Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System ( HS Convention ) was adopted in 1983 and came into force in 1988. The HS multipurpose goods terminology is used as the footing for imposts duties and for the digest of international trade statistics. It comprises about 5000 trade good groups. each identified by a six figure codification arranged in a legal and logical construction with chiseled regulations to accomplish unvarying categorization. The HS is besides used for many other intents affecting trade policy. regulations of beginning. monitoring of controlled goods. internal revenue enhancements. freight duties. conveyance statistics. quota controls. monetary value monitoring. digest of national histories. and economic research and analysis. 2 ) The International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs processs ( revised Kyoto Convention or RKC ) was originally adopted in 1974 and was later revised in 1999 ; the revised Kyoto Convention came into force in 2006. The RKC comprises several cardinal regulating rules: transparence and predictability of imposts controls ; standardisation and simplification of the goods declaration and back uping paperss ; simplified processs for authorised individuals ; maximal usage of information engineering ; minimal necessary imposts control to guarantee conformity with ordinances ; usage of hazard direction and audit based controls ; coordinated intercessions with o ther boundary line bureaus ; and a partnership with the trade. It promotes trade facilitation and effectual controls through its legal commissariats that detail the application of simple yet efficient processs and besides contains new and obligatory regulations for its application. The WCO revised Kyoto Convention is sometimes confused with the Kyoto Protocol. which is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC or FCCC ) . 3 ) ATA Convention and the Convention on Temporary Admission ( Istanbul Convention ) . Both the ATA Convention and the Istanbul Convention are WCO instruments regulating impermanent admittance of goods. The ATA system. which is built-in to both Conventions. allows the free motion of goods across frontiers and their impermanent admittance into a imposts district with alleviation from responsibilities and revenue enhancements. The goods are covered by a individual papers known as the ATA carnet that is secured by an international warrant system. 4 ) The Arusha Declaration on Customs Integrity was adopted in 1993 and revised in 2003. The Arusha Declaration is a non-binding instrument which provides a figure of basic rules to advance unity and combat corruptness within imposts disposals. 5 ) The SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade was adopted in 2005. The SAFE Framework is a non-binding instrument that contains supply concatenation security and facilitation criterions for goods being traded internationally. enables integrated supply concatenation direction for all manners of conveyance. strengthens networking agreements between imposts disposals to better their capableness to observe bad cargos. promotes cooperation between imposts and the concern community through the Authorized Economic Operator ( AEO ) construct. and champions the seamless motion of goods through secure international trade supply ironss ( The Free Encyclopedia Wikipedia. 2012 and World Customs Organization: //www. wcoomd. org ) . DrumheadThe World Customs Organization ( WCO ) . established in 1952 as the Customs Co-operation Council ( CCC ) is an independent intergovernmental organic structure whose mission is to heighten the effectivity and efficiency of Customs disposals. Today. the WCO represents 179 Customss disposals across the Earth that jointly process about 98 % of universe trade. As the planetary Centre of Customs expertness. the WCO is the lone international organisation with competency in Customs affairs and can rightly name itself the voice of the international Customs community. The WCO’s regulating organic structure – the Council – relies on the competency and accomplishments of a Secretariat and a scope of proficient and consultative commissions to carry through its mission. As a forum for duologue and exchange of experiences between national Customs delegates. the WCO offers its Members a scope of Conventions and other international instruments. every bit good as proficien t aid and preparation services provided either straight by the Secretariat. or with its engagement. The Secretariat besides actively supports its Members in their enterprises to overhaul and construct capacity within their national Customs disposals. Besides the critical function played by the WCO in exciting the growing of legitimate international trade. its attempts to battle deceitful activities are besides recognized internationally. The partnership attack championed by the WCO is one of the keys to constructing Bridgess between Customs disposals and their spouses. By advancing the outgrowth of an honest. transparent and predictable Customs environment. the WCO straight contributes to the economic and societal wellbeing of its Members. Finally. in an international environment characterized by instability and the ever-present menace of terrorist activity. the WCO’s mission to heighten the protection of society and the national district. and to procure and ease international trade. takes on its full significance. Mentions Enclycopedija Britannica ( 2013 ) . â€Å"World Customs Organization ( WCO ) † Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/1134726/World-Customs-Organization-WCO European Commission ( 2013 ) . â€Å"Taxation and Customs Union: World Customs Organization† Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //ec. Europa. eu/taxation_customs/common/international_affairs/wco/index_en. htm Government of Chile – National Customs Service ( 2013a ) . â€Å"Mission and history of the WCO† Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. aduana. cl/prontus_aduana_eng/site/artic/20070227/pags/20070227231225. html International Association of Conference Interpreters ( 2013 ) . â€Å"WCO – World Customs Organization† Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //aiic. net/page/6294 U. S. Customs and Border Protection ( 2013 ) â€Å"World Customs Organization Overview† Retrieved from:

Saturday, March 7, 2020

talibans women essays

taliban's women essays The article AFTER THE ATTACK; Extremists Put Own Twist on Faith written by Teresa Watanabe for Los Angeles Times states that the Afghanistans Taliban has committed crimes against women and girls. For six years the Feminist Majority Foundation has condemned Talibans crimes against women and the have been saying that in a country where so many people have no rights will create international instability. The organization opposes to widespread air strikes but also negotiations with the Taliban. They believe that human rights should be a priority in the moths to come. In 1996 the foundation started a campaign to stop gender apartheid and included Afghan women who under the ruling of Taliban they cant no longer work, attend to school, leave their homes or receive medical treatment. David Gibbs, an associate professor of political science at the University of Arizona and an expert on Afghanistan said that the international community should not accept groups that abuse women and girls. I believe that women should have equal rights as men anywhere in the world and reading about Talibans actions against women irritates me. Coming from the West it seems unbelievable that women cant work or go to schools. My mother studied a career and worked in the 70s and nobody opposed to it. Begun in 1996, the foundation's Campaign to Stop Gender Apartheid has been the nation's loudest voice in protesting the treatment of Afghan women who, under the ruling Taliban, have been stripped of basic human rights. They are no longer allowed to work, to attend school, to leave their homes or to receive medical treatment. groups that mistreat women and girls should be ostracized by the international community. "We have been saying for years that a country where so many people have no rights will create international instability, that human rights should be a priority in the weeks and months to come. ...

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

The Effect of Price Elasticity of Toyota on Consumer Consumption Essay

The Effect of Price Elasticity of Toyota on Consumer Consumption - Essay Example 5 contains results, discussion, and conclusion but these three documents are still subject to major modifications depending on document 2 and level of analysis required. Background to Research Problem The automotive industry is among the most competitive industries in the world. Consumer decisions to purchase vehicles are often influenced by a wide array of factors that impact the industry. These include, safety, comfort, fuel efficiency, and price (Jeihani and Sibdari, 2010:1). Though factors such as fuel efficiency are certainly critical in consumers buying decisions in the current economic environment where gas prices frequently fluctuate, research shows that though the demand for gas efficient cars such as the hybrid cars have been high, sales have not picked up as expected (Read, 2012; Tuttle, 2012). This is mainly attributed to the high prices at which these vehicles are purchased, and therefore implies that price is a core contributor to demand and consumer purchase decisions when it comes to purchasing a car. Understanding how price changes alter the quantity demanded is crucial to decision makers as they can be able to understand how responsive consumers would be to certain price changes (Jazayeri and Jazayeri, 2011: 102; Rossi, 1995: 17; Bernstein Research, 2007). Price elasticity is an important element when introducing products in a competitive market (Hauser, 1998). As quoted from the book Principles of Economics by Alfred Marshall (1920), â€Å"the elasticity (or receptiveness) of demand in a market is significant according as the amount demanded increases much or little for a given fall in price, and diminishes much or little for a given rise in price" (pp. 15). Parkin, Powell, and Matthews (2002) noted that the following affect the elasticity of price for... This research will begin with the statement that the automotive industry is among the most competitive industries in the world. Consumer decisions to purchase vehicles are often influenced by a wide array of factors that impact the industry. These include, safety, comfort, fuel efficiency, and price. Though factors such as fuel efficiency are certainly critical in consumers buying decisions in the current economic environment where gas prices frequently fluctuate, research shows that though the demand for gas efficient cars such as the hybrid cars have been high, sales have not picked up as expected. This is mainly attributed to the high prices at which these vehicles are purchased, and therefore implies that price is a core contributor to demand and consumer purchase decisions when it comes to purchasing a car. Understanding how price changes alter the quantity demanded is crucial to decision makers as they can be able to understand how responsive consumers would be to certain price changes. Price elasticity is an important element when introducing products in a competitive market. As quoted from the book Principles of Economics by Alfred Marshall, â€Å"the elasticity of demand in a market is significant according as the amount demanded increases much or little for a given fall in price, and diminishes much or little for a given rise in price". Parkin, Powell, and Matthews noted that the following affect the elasticity of price for a certain commodity: availability of substitute goods; percentage of income; necessity; duration; brand loyalty; and who pays.

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

American Shortcomings Beneath the PostCivil Rights Facade Essay

American Shortcomings Beneath the PostCivil Rights Facade - Essay Example Nettles, M.T. & Perna, L.W. (1997). The African American education data book. Volume I: Higher and adult education. Executive summary. Retrieved May 5, 2007, from Education Resources Information Center: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2/ content_storage_01/0000000b/80/26/12/fa.pdf. Orfield, Gary. (2001). Schools more separate: Consequences of a decade of resegregation. Retrieved May 5, 2007, from Education Resources Information Center: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2/content_storage_01/0000000b/80/0d/99/c6.pdf. .. 17. What should be acting as equalizers are proving ineffective (Patterson, 2001)(Orfield, 2001)(Nettles & Perna, 1997). 18. Black Americans have been disproportionately charged with crimes and imprisoned (Fairclough, 2001)(Klinkner, 1999)(Giroux, 2004). 19. None of the problems black Americans face exist in isolation; they all feed and one another. (Giroux, 2004)(Nettles & Perna, 1997)(Orfield, 2001). 20. The government lays the blame for black Americans face on black Americans (Giroux, 2004)(Fairclough, 2001)(Klinkner, 1999). References Fairclough, A. (2001). Better day coming: Blacks and equality, 1890-2000. New York: Viking. Giroux, H.A. & Giroux, S.S. (2004). Take back higher education: Race, youth, and the crisis of democracy in the post-civil rights era. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Jacobson, J., Olsen, C., Rice, J.K., & Sweetland, S. (2001). Educational achievement and black-white inequality. Statistical analysis report. Retrieved May 5, 2007, from Education Resources Information Center: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2/ content_storage_01/0000000b/80/0d/6d/c8.pdf. Judd, D.R. (1999). Symbolic Politics and Urban Policies: Why African Americans got so little from the Democrats. Without justice for all. Adolph Reed, ed. Boulder: Westview Press. 123-150. Klinkner, P.A. (1999). Bill Clinton and the new liberalism. Without justice for all. Adolph Reed, ed. Boulder: Westview Press. 11-28. Nettles, M.T. & Perna, L.W. (1997). The African American education data book. Volume I: Higher and adult education. Executive summary. Retrieved May 5, 2007, from Education Resources Information Center: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2/ content_storage_01/0000000b/80/26/12/fa.pdf. Orfield, Gary.

Monday, January 27, 2020

Tourism Education And Work Experience

Tourism Education And Work Experience Tourism education supply has faced a rapid growth over the past three decades (Micheal Morgan, 2004). It is a global phenomenon (Joseph Joseph, 2000) and the reason behind is to guarantee qualified and well trained employees on the tourism employment market as demands keep on growing (M.S, Mohd Zahari, 2004). Both the government and the private sector play an important role in the provision of tourism education; at secondary and tertiary level. In Mauritius, tourism education undergoes a pyramid-type program system; meaning that tourism curricula is available a secondary programme, diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate programmes (Tertiary Education Commission, 2010). Tourism education has been criticized for producing a tourism workforce regardless of the quality. Quality workforce is of great influence as it plays a key role in organizations meeting customers expectations and satisfaction (Evans Lindsay, 1999; Zeithaml et al., 1990). As students embark on tourism education programmes, it is expected that they come out with high quality knowledge, skills and the ability to meet the needs of the industry (Goeldner and Ritchie, 2006; Harris and Zhao, 2004; Kok, 2000). Szambowski et al (2002) put forward that significant emphasis should be placed on students gaining practical experience outside the classroom learning environment. However, increase in offers for tourism education has raised an alarm about graduates having difficulties in finding a tourism job in the coming decades. But still, the industry needs the services of qualified and committed workforce to impact positively on customers satisfaction of experience. To meet the industry demand, work experience has been added to tourism curricula to equip students with the technical, operational and professional skills under the form of internship. Bullock, Gould and Hejmadi (2009, p. 482) cited that internships have enhanced their understanding of their own life choices, enabled the acquisition of transferable skills and provided a tangible link between theory and application. It is the tool that gives students the opportunity to examine career possibilities in a realistic and real world environment and to explore a possible fit with a particular enterprise (Kapoor, 2000; Waryszak, 1999). Several researches were carried out in accordance to work experience and its importance in the tourism and hospitality perspective. It is essential according to Getz (1994) to investigate how work experience changes attitude and perception of students towards tourism and hospitality careers. Demonte Vaden (1987) stated that the factor that had the greatest influence on students decision for a tourism career was work experience. Further findings supposed that it may discourage students to enter the industry, instead of them looking forward to pursue a tourism career (Busby, 2003; Boud, Solomon Symes, 2001). Tourism as an employer There has been a rapid ascendancy of tourism to the worlds largest industry since the whole world continues to travel in a robust manner. Tourism as a sector has grown more rapidly than the total employment in the world economy (WTO, 2005; WTTC, 2005a). It is a service oriented industry, based on a labor intensive production system, meaning that employees play a major role in the delivery of products and services that influence the overall tourism experience (Chellen Nunkoo). Statistics depict out that world tourism employment is estimated at 258.6 million year to date, which is approximately 8,3% of total employment and it is forecasted to increase by a percentage of 2.3% per annum, to reach a figure of 323.9 million by 2021. These jobs include both direct and indirect employment (Justin Matthew Pang, 2010). Direct employment refers to the jobs helping in the creation of the business itself while indirect jobs refer to businesses producing goods and services that assist in supplying visitors and travelers directly (Justin Matthew Pang, 2010). Direct employment in the tourism industry is 99 million to date and it is forecasted to increase to 120 million by 2021 (WTTC, 2007). In Mauritius, for the year 2011, total tourism employment is figured at 28 039 (Survey of employment and Earnings in large Establishments). Beside such statistics, Li (2007) put forward that there will be a shortage of talent in the industry but this goes in contradiction to what Evans (1993) and Busby (1994) mentioned. They both put forward that the trend on increasing application for tourism related courses will accordingly, result in a surplus of graduates on the tourism labor market. Tourism has proved to be a major employer and contributor to the world economy. But still, the tourism industry is being criticized for creating low skilled and low paid jobs with low satisfaction, high level of staff turnover, waste of trained personnel and limited scope for promotion (Kusluvan and Kusluvan, 2000; Chellen and Nunkoo, 2010; Richardson, 2008; Richardson 2009; Roney and ÃÆ'-ztin, 2007). Such critics give rise to one of the major challenge of the industry which is to attract and retain qualified and motivated staff. Employers across the world, whether large or small, face the same challenge; attracting and retaining people with the right skills and personal attitudes and attributes to deliver a quality experience to tourists. It is a sensible issue for the industry as the tourism sector depends much on people (Baum, 1999). One of the reasons why there is such a need for people is because of the nature of its guest services and also its late adoption of technology and newfangled management process (Bull, 1995). This global phenomenon of attracting and retaining qualified workforce was once an isolated case for some markets but it has made its way through, to the whole world industry. Although there is much literature about tourism, there is very few addressing students attitude and perception to further a career in the industry (Roney and ÃÆ'-ztin, 2007). Now that the phenomenon is widely spread, the need to investigate on the issue is becoming more and more important for the whole tourism universe. According to Chellen and Nunkoo (2010), this would be helpful to get a clear view of the status of tourism jobs in the human resources planning process for the tourism sector. While working on tourism and hospitality workforce development programs, knowing tourism job status is deemed bringing more accuracy for the preparation of inline strategies. Human Resource plans focuses on the employment needs of large international tourism organization, especially in hospitality, neglecting how students perceive tourism as an employer. It is necessary for tourism and hospitality providers to attend to one of their most precious assets, namely, their human resource, if they wa nt to be competitive on the marketplace. In fact it has been argued that without employees having a positive attitude towards their work, there is minimal chance for the organization to achieve customer satisfaction and loyalty, thus an advantage over competitors (Rosentbluth, 1991; Zeithaml Bitner, 1996). Various researchers have been questioning the reluctance of many students to embark themselves in a career in the tourism and hospitality industry. They started to investigate in secondary and tertiary institutions, where the potential new recruits are found. Students from secondary schools were those who were the least exposed to experience in the tourism industry. Ross (1994) conducted a research in a secondary school in Australia and results showed that they had high level of interest in working at management level the tourism industry. Further researches were carried out at tertiary level as well as vocational institutions. Barron and Maxwell (1993) studied the perception of new and continuing students at Scottish higher education institutions and found that while students recognized the career opportunities attached to the tourism and hospitality industry, the majority could not foresee a long-term career in the industry. This is further confirmed by Johns and McKechnie, (1995) who stated that 50% of students choose careers out of the industry upon completion of their studies. Richardson (2008) research on Australian students revealed that more than 50% of tourism and hospitality undergraduate students were already contemplating careers outside the industry. According to Richardson (2009) the students look for job in more remunerative sectors upon graduation. Bloome (2006) cited that many students who embark on a tourism and hospitality curriculum do not join the tourism and hospitality industry upon graduation. Students complained not having the opportunity to develop managerial skills in tourism jobs according to Purcell Quinn (1995) while Casado (1992) investigated the basic expectations of students in the tourism and hospitality sector, and found their expectation to be fairly realistic before graduation. Students failing to integrate the industry for work result in wastage of trained and experienced personnel and above all, high staff turnover (Doher ty, Guerrier, Jamieson, Lashley Lockwood, 2001; Jenkins, 2001; Pavesic Brimer, 1990; Zacerreli, 1985). According to Kusluvan (2001), it is important to understand the attitude of students in order to gain an insight as to why many of them are disinclined to join the line or choose to leave the industry after a relatively short period. In order to understand this, Kusluvan (2003), states that it is important to see the perspectives of students who are currently pursuing a tourism and hospitality curriculum and those who have graduated. For the purpose of this research, only those ongoing a tourism curriculum will be questioned. Students opinion about jobs in the tourism sector get them to be reluctant in majoring a career in the tourism industry. Gu et al (2007) conducted a research in China and the students claimed that career development in the tourism and hospitality industry was not sufficiently promising. Furthermore, according to a research in China (Jiang and Tribe, 2009), students classified tourism job a short-lived profession. They were not committed to develop a career in the field where the nature of the tourism job itself, clearly affects their decision. Unlikely, there are actually, six million people employed in the tourism and hospitality industry in China. The statistics for tourism job in the country is forecasted to rise by one million in the next ten years. Students commitment to tourism jobs is what determines the prosperity of the sector on a worldwide avenue. As per Roney and ÃÆ'-ztin (2007), students commitment is one of the major factors that shape the image of the tourism industry positively. Through exposure to the industry, tourism and hospitality students become considerably less interested in selecting tourism and hospitality as their first choice for a career (Kusluvan Kusluvan, 2000; Getz, 1994). Students compare their expected career goals to the offer of the tourism industry, and as they notice the negative gap between those two, their interest for the industry deteriorates. Their images of the industry include poor treatment of staff, little or no training given, and effort outweighing rewards. For students who choose tourism education as first choice and having a clear view of what they will be facing in reality, their attitude towards working in the industry are positive (Lu and Adler, 2009). Those who embark on a tou rism education trek without realistic knowledge of the career opportunities and working conditions, claim that they would have not done so if they had a proper career guidance and orientation right from the start at secondary level (Roney ÃÆ'-ztin, 2007). Hence according to Kusluvan and Kusluvan, proper measures like efficient career guidance and orientation, written exam supplemented by interviews, psychometric tests like personality and service orientation tests, should be adopted to reduce uncertainties of future tourism students about tourism job. Most research pertaining to students perception and attitude towards the tourism industry end up stating that tourism students or fresh graduates had a negative image of the sector as an employer. Kusluvan Kusluvan certified his works by evidence that students have an unfavorable evaluation towards different dimensions of working in the tourism industry. According to Getz (1994), the percentage of people who considered the hospitality attractive decreased from 43% to 29% over the periods 1978 1992. This represents a nearly half percentage decrease in the statistics. Most hospitality graduates have been found to believe that a number of extrinsic factors, such as poor working conditions, high pressure, long working hours, and a lack of motivation, training programs, and career opportunities, may contribute to poor employment aspirations, high turnover rates, and the wastage of educational investment (e.g., Kang and Gould, 2002; Jenkins, 2001). This should be a cause for concern sinc e attitudes are considered to be effective predictors of intention and behavior (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980), and negative attitude would make students less willing to look for tourism jobs. Several books and journals have been published on tourism, but very few were to address the issue of tourism students perception towards the tourism and hospitality industry in Mauritius. To enlighten the situation in Mauritius, this paper seeks to identify the factors influencing students perception and attitude towards furthering a career in the tourism sector in Mauritius. Though there is a lack of such literature pertaining to developing countries, the paper will try to adapt the research to the country which is a developing one and as well the fastest growing region in global tourism (Chellen Nunkoo). This paper aims at studying the attitude and perception of tourism undergraduate students towards a career in the tourism industry in Mauritius. To further understand how attitude and perception helps to predict ones intention to integrate the industry, this paper will make use of the Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991), which predicts behaviour by intention. Then, to strictly measure the students attitude and perception, an instrument of 9 dimensions adapted from that developed and tested by Kusluvan Kusluvan (2000) will be used. The 9 dimensions are classified as nature of work, social status, industry person congeniality, physical working condition, pay and fringe benefits, co-workers, promotion opportunity, managers and commitment. Two likely studies have been carried out in Mauritius by Chellen and Nunkoo (2010) and a University of Mauritius tourism graduate (2011). However this paper, in addition to the 9 dimensions of Kusluvan and Kusluvan (2000), bring up the issue of work experience for differentiation, as a tool capable of shaping students attitude and perception towards a career in the industry upon graduation.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Outline and Evaluate Research Into the Breakdown of Relationships

Outline and evaluate research into the breakdown of romantic relationships. (24 marks) One piece of research into the breakdown of romantic relationships conducted by Thibaut and Kelly, can explain why a relationship may breakdown using the Social Exchange Theory. A relationship may breakdown due to the ‘profits’ and ‘losses’ in the relationship, one of the participants in the relationship may compare the current relationship to a previous one and realise they are not getting what they should be out of it.However, Hatfield’s Equity Theory suggests that individuals in a relationship are not trying to maximise the benefits and minimise the costs, but the happiest individuals were the ones where the rewards for both parties were equal. Therefore, a relationship may not breakdown because a person is under-benefitting but because there is an imbalance in the rewards. This research is supported by further research carried out by Hatfield which shows that th e happiest newlyweds were the ones who felt like they both inputted equally into the relationship and had equal rewards.The ones under-benefitted had feelings of anger, resentment and deprivation, and those over benefitted felt guilty and uncomfortable. However, this may not mean that a relationship will break down. Karney and Bradbury (1995) found that marital unhappiness did not strong predict a future divorce. A problem with both of the theories is that they cannot explain why people stay in unhappy relationships, where the costs are clearly outweighing the benefits, or where the rewards are unequal.For example in an abusive relationship, many partners stay in the relationship even though they are not having any benefits from it. Another criticism of the social exchange theory is that they imply that people are extremely selfish and underestimates the role of altruism. There are also problems when trying to quantify the costs and benefits in a relationship. A problem with the equ ity theory is that there are strong individual differences as to how much equity people expect from a marriage or romantic relationship.These two theories focus on individualist cultures, where there is an emphasis on personal freedom. They may not apply to collectivist cultures where there is an emphasis more on what is best for society. Another researcher, Duck (1992) looked at findings from several longitudinal studies into the breakdown of relationships. He found that there are many predisposing factors that could influence the dissolution of a relationship. These factors can either be internal; which is where the risk lies in the partners background and personality, or external where it is events outside the relationship that may threaten it.Graziano et al (1996) supports the fact that personality has shown to be an important factor in the breakdown of relationships and says that individuals who are high in agreeableness (co-operative, supportive and non-confrontational) tend t o be in relationships which last longer and there is less conflict. They also believe that relationships where one of both of the couple is high in neuroticism are more likely to end in a divorce. Duck’s predisposing factors do offer reasonable explanations for why some marriages may fail.However only some of the marriages that meet most of all of the criteria will actually end in a divorce, many divorces will involve couples that do not meet any of the criteria. This then suggests that the predisposing factors oversimplify the complex behaviour. This would make the theory reductionist and therefore is not good in explaining the breakdown of relationships. Another problem with the research is that a lot of it can be troubled by various factors such as individual differences with the individuals involved in the relationships.Many of the couples interviewed were often white and middle class, this is culturally biased and therefore means that the results found from the studies c annot be generalised to the cultures of the rest of the world. The data gathered from the research is often mainly retrospective self-report, this is bad because the retrospective means looking back after the event has happened and therefore may be unreliable as it relies on the memory of the individuals meaning that it is not reliable, the self-reports also may lack in validity because it is possible for the participants to lie.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Architecture, as a science must be associated with mathematical logic and reasoning

‘Architecture, as a science must be associated with mathematical logic and reasoning, lest it is identified as a non-exact science like the visual arts’ (Allen, 2000, p 7). Just like the exact sciences, biology and physics, wherein formulated hypotheses can be tested over and over again through experiments in generally controlled environments; architecture is tested through a very different method. In architecture, hypotheses, in the form of design ideas and concepts are reflected in drawings and representations which are in turn, balanced by mathematical equations.However, the process can only be repeated once. The reasons, which are quite obvious, pertain to the unavailability of a vast range of resources. The ultimate outcome can be a structure, encompassing and infinite, in the form of a design space or built-environment. Drawings are a very important aspect of architecture. An architect’s or artist’s ideas and concepts are translated in such using the principles of perspective, vanishing point, viewpoint, tracing, orthographic and isometric projections, and the likes.To start with, there is already difficulty transcribing an idea into a physical drawing. From the drawing in pen and paper into a live, standing and habitable building or structure poses the biggest challenge of all for the proponents. Architects must be very careful in minimizing the deviation of each component from the other. ‘Thus, there is always an attempt to relate the abstract realm of geometry with the material stuff of the building’ (as cited in Petrescu, 2007, p 93). What might have been conceived may not be drawn accordingly and consequently, may not totally materialize into reality.‘Strict observance of the principles in perspective is fostered in that non-linear lines are edited out’ (Petrescu, 2007, p 102). Tracing, as one method of drawing, showcasing a beautiful conglomeration of artists’ and architects’ works, is a kind of copying from something that is already there. It is primarily based on outlines, thus the term, â€Å"outline loving†. Orthographic drawings on the other hand are comprised by some of the basic architectural drawings namely elevations, plans, sections, and the likes. Perspective drawing enables the viewer or audience to experience both fore- and back- grounds.It was even believed that perspective portrays a narrative history through which the past and present are crossed. ‘In this reference, perspective serves as a time check: ordering, surveying, and recreating the past from the viewpoint of the present’ (Allen, 2000, p 7). Some principles govern perspective drawing namely the convergence of parallel lines into the centric point and the apparent decrease in distance between equidistant transverse lines could be determined by geometric method. Interference is introduced, with changes in scale, sampling and decontextualising, distortion and overlays.O n the other hand, vanishing points and viewpoints, which are interrelated, affirm an ideal viewing distance between the observer and the building, in spite of the offer of different angles and perception. ‘Enfilade, an architectural spatial connection technique, is defined as the alignment of the centrelines of doorways or openings to a series of spaces’ (Goldschimdt, 2004, p 17). It has been widely used in photography, and associated with one-point perspective; however, the result of a visible depth even in the presence of compressed physical distances is commendable.A plan provides a description of a whole, if only in two dimensions – a series of equidistant spaces or openings will be translated into a compressed image by an experienced architect who has a trained eye. The drawings are non-predictive for the conditions and the end results are case-sensitive. An architectural drawing may or may not be authored by only one person. ‘In a false-etymology, to â€Å"de-sign† becomes the collaborative efforts of a team of architects and artists’ (Petrescum 2007, p 100).But when the orthographic drawing had been made, this appears to be created by a single hand although amendments and comments by the team may be indicated by the hasty notes and markings on the drawing. Evans (1997) suggests that the modality of conventional architectural drawing is an expression of the perceived equivalence of wall and paper, with the drawing acting as both surface and veil for authored intentions in a manner readily transferrable into a building (as cited in Callicott, 2001).This explicit advantage poses as a disadvantage as well, in that drawings can possibly mask the realization of a great building through inherent constraints. As cited in Petrescu (2007), Evans noted that the architectural drawing is not simply a reductive and failed representation (or â€Å"pre-presentation† since the drawing is usually prior to its object) of a bu ilding-to-be but is also an operator. (p. 93). The transaction between the two components is vital as both can be considered communication tools. ‘The underside of drawings reveals its materiality but they are unlooked or unread’ (Petrescu, 2007, p 102).Architectural drawings supposedly communicate the architect’s idea to the builder, but historically this actually caused separation. ‘Any type of drawing, orthographic or isometric, which is constructed of real proportional dimensions and relative coordinates cannot provide the designer any insight into the qualities of appearance to the subjective viewer’ (Goldschimdt, 2004, p 16). Even when designers are endowed with exceptional experience in the matter, the physical manifestation of an abstract representation is still questionable. Indeed, there is a great disjunction between drawings and buildings.The drawing (almost an accumulated partial representations), from which all else emanates, disappears with the onset of construction. Allen (2000) states ‘that the capacities and logics of drawing are necessarily distinct from the potentials of construction; practice disrupts the easy characterization of drawing as the realm of absence and building as the realm of presence’ (p 6). The abstract realm of representation and geometry, the initial phases of any architectural process, should be perfected as well as the physical aspect – that is the building phase. Architecture is not the only science justified through geometry.It is likewise useful to pin down music properly to its visual harmonics. ‘Cosmological, religious and philosophical consonances were played out on the basis of geometry of space and its relation to an idealized body’ (Allen, 2000, p 7). An important example showcasing the sensitivity of the relationship between drawings and buildings is the Pavilion of 1929 by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. ‘It is an architectural icon, not only b ecause it is seductive and much copied, but also because it has most often been perceived in conditions similar to that of the artwork’ (Hill, 2001 p 66).Unlike most of Mies’ works, the Pavilion, now popularly called Barcelona Pavilion, recognised as to have a horizontal symmetry, does not focus on landscape. The imagined symmetry no longer exists because the horizontal bypasses and cuts the vertical planes in the form of a physical plane. The Pavilion was widely known even through photographs from 1930 to 1986 until its reconstruction as an exhibit, gallery, and historical monument – the reason for the discontinuance of its display to the public.Whether the building was taken in black and white or coloured photographs, there is no great difference because as was conceived by the designer, it reflected vision, and not any or all of the senses. ‘Smaller buildings with emphasis on the horizontal plane, wherein the top and bottom are symmetrical with respect to the horizon, is also commendable such that the â€Å"floating† ceiling planes above and the grid of the floor pavers below are distanced equally from the eye level of the average viewer’ (Goldschmidt, 2004, p 16).As cited in Hill (2001), ‘Mies’ architecture is formulated by representations rather than by plastic realities and the goal of projection as an empty space was successfully transcribed into the Pavilion’ (p 66). Water lilies abound in the reconstructed building, although as studies suggest, their presence was unintentional. As an embodiment of the ideals and principles of a locality, the Pavilion is more just than an attribution to Germany. It is the relationship with the general surroundings and Barcelona as well as the association with international modernism that makes the Pavilion a big hit.Another characteristic of great architecture is the will to triumph over the tricky unbalancing relationship between rationality and aesthetic. M ies, one of the great modernists, had won over this battle in his design of the Pavilion, imploring the use of skinny little I-beams suspended in mid-air. Evans (1997) noted ‘that some of the finest detailing of the modern movement was displayed by the immaculate lines and cruciform columns of the German Pavilion – columns that are notorious for their structural sleight of the hand’. He also noted that the perception of light and depth as exhibited by the Pavilion is admirable.The Hubbe House in Magdeburg designed in 1935 by Mies is also of special interest because of the treatment of the outdoor and indoor areas as illusory; nature could be easily replaced by a photomontage. Over the time, the types and techniques of drawing have changed. Increasing exponentially, drawings used by architects are not only confined to the â€Å"footprint† of a building or its elevations. A discourse on whether perspective is truly an equivalent of the â€Å"sight† or merely a conventional representation based on the West had been raised. Computer-aided machines (CAM) can do lots of things with just a click of a finger.This compensates for the difficulty of traditional drawing and traditional palette to translate the proposed and desired outcome. Traditional palette may not be realistically portrayed in the building from the drawing (or even from the imagination). Evans related that unlike the visual arts, to which architecture is closely associated with, the former is product-directed while the latter needs to utilize a medium – drawings. The technology of building materials is always and never a step ahead or behind drawing techniques.There is always a discrepancy which may be caused by the changes in the shape of the materials, i.e. deformation or phase change. This is where the ultimate problem arises. ‘The most intense activity is the construction and manipulation of the final artefact, the purpose of preliminary studies to giv e sufficient definition for final work to begin, not to provide a complete determination in advance, as in architectural drawing’ (as cited in Cunningham, 1998, p 9). According to Allen (2000), ‘to pay close attention to the transactions between the culture of drawing and the discipline of building, the architect must simultaneously inhabit both worlds’ (p.6).Computers are deemed useful in almost any undertaking of a project in line with almost any profession; architecture is not a stranger to this. The most complicated structure and built environments that are seen standing today have not denied the vital role that had been performed by computers. However, engineers confirm an avenue for a â€Å"low technology† in the building and engineering world for sketching will always be a big part of communicating the design language to the participants of the process.‘It is crucial in accessing the body of tacit knowledge on which the profession depends†™ (Callicott, 2001, p 61). It is therefore confirmed that in the practice of architecture and engineering, the need for employing high technology is very much just the same as that of low technology. One moral imperative for an architect besides evoking that architecture is a symbol of its time, buildings and structures should reflect the spirit of the age. In the time of modernism, architecture has been described as less in design and material and more in functionality and efficiency.Rampant and popular issues governing a current time period may be well reflected into architecture not only through its design but also in its building techniques and materials. The growing concern for the conservation of the environment and its natural resources may be a responsible consideration addressed in design. The common trends in urban and modern architecture are summarized in its tag line â€Å"folds and bends†. Traditional drawing techniques like perspective and orthographic project ions may no longer be enough for such aspirations exhibiting utmost complexity.Technology is architecture’s gauge, guiding or misguiding it to the future, to either progress or regress. â€Å"Landscape urbanism† was a term coined by Charles Waldheim that describes the practices of designers who replaced architecture as the primary medium in city-making. ‘It is like interstitial discipline that operates in the spaces between buildings, infrastructural systems, natural ecologies which advocates worthy attention for the marginal spaces’ (Waldheim, p 59).It bridges the gaps between structures by preparing the ground and extending the functionality and efficiency of the buildings and its surrounding spaces like the strategic open parks and walkways aesthetically arranged with landscape components. Contemporary urban landscapes maximize the functionality of the open spaces to compensate for the commercial value of land in the city; unlike before, formal themes o f landscape designs in the urban were spacious and lack immediate purpose. The development of urban forms is explained by Conzen through the use of concepts such as fringe belt and burgage cycle.The former is characterized by a land initially occupied by large sites having low access to commercial space, which finally, transforms it (land) into a full-fledge built-up area. ‘The progressive filling-in of plots with buildings, leading to a climax phase of maximum coverage and, ultimately, the clearance of plots preparatory to redevelopment describes the latter’ (Whitehand & Larkham, 1992, p 6). There is a certain hierarchy in which the urban forms namely town plan, building forms, and land use is arranged within the plots or land-use units and consequently, converged to form the general framework of the town.Urban landscape cells, the smallest conglomeration of the morphologically homogenous areas that are composed of the site and the above mentioned forms, complex to for m urban landscape units. Several features of urban landscape i. e. high-tech corridors, festival settings and pedestrian shopping malls are associated with post-modernism. The latter is noted to be undergoing widespread economic restructuring, including architectural manifestations.The study of urban forms that comprise the urban landscapes is essential not only in shaping these landscapes but also for future urban planning and architecture. The design and layout of former towns, evident in the existing buildings and structures, provide information on how future ones will be established and managed. Continuity in function and elements is revealed specifically on same sites even of different time periods. Whitehand and Larkham (1992) used Worcester, a cathedral town with a complex multi-phase plan as an example to demonstrate this point.The central sites, which are prone to redevelopment, allow for road construction and widening. To analyze the evolution of a certain town, a combinat ion of the surviving elements of a not-so-distant urban landscape as well as cartographic, documentary and archaeological evidences are important. Although the towns and plan units are not permanent and vary through a towns and periods, a certain parallelism can indeed be derived. As was concluded, this is essential in making future planning and designing of towns.